Electrical Earthing

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Earthing or grounding

It is the process of transferring the immediate discharge of electrical energy directly to the Earth with the help of the low-resistance wire. The electrical earthing is carried out by connecting the non-current-carrying part of the equipment or the neutral part of the supply system to the ground.
A safety measure devised to prevent people from getting shocked if the insulation inside electrical devices fails is called Earthing.

The third pin in the plug is actually the “Earth” or “Ground” connection of the electrical appliance. The Earth, being a good conductor of electricity, acts as a convenient path for the flow of electrons that escape the insulation. Furthermore, the gigantic size of the Earth paves a path for the safe discharge of the electric charge.

Why is Earthing/Grounding necessary?

There are 3 mains reasons why all electric devices need to be connected to the Earth.

Human Safety- 
A properly earthed device doesn’t leak out any current. This prevents humans from getting shocked if any internal faults in the device occur.
Safety of Electrical Equipment-
Earthing provides stability to electronic equipment. It prevents over-current or excessive voltage in appliances. Over-voltage can cause the device to spontaneously combust due to overheating, so technically, earthing is also a fire prevention measure
Protection of Buildings from Lightning-
It is interesting to note that, apart from electrical appliances, large structures such as skyscrapers are also earthed. The earthing device is in the form of lightning arrestors, which are placed at the highest point of the building and connected to the ground via a conducting wire or plate. In the scenario when lightning strikes a building, the copper lightning arrestor draws in the jolts of lightning and transfers that massive amount of energy to the ground, thus preventing any damage to the structure or harm to its occupants.

What are types of Earthing?

1- Plate Earthing
The plate material is of either copper or galvanized iron is used in the plate earthing system. This plate selected should of certain specified dimensions, which is placed inside the earth at a depth less than 3 meters from the bottom. This plate is connected to the electrical conductors to divert the electric charge inside the earth.



2-Pipe Earthing
A galvanized iron pipe is selected should be such that it has holes pierced at regular intervals and the pipe is narrow at the bottom end.
A clamp is attached to the G.I pipe to which an earth wire is connected. This pipe diverts the electrical conductance inside the earth.
The pipe is placed in the earth pit at a depth not less than 3 meters. The space inside the G.I pipe is filled by the alternate layers of salt and charcoal up to the clamp level. The top portion of the G.I pipe is left open for maintenance when required by constructing a chamber with bricks. Water is poured into the G.I pipe to maintain earthing resistance within the specified limits.
3-Rod earthing
This type of earthing is similar to pipe earthing, but a rod made of galvanized steel is used in this case. The rod used for this purpose is buried inside the earth at a certain depth. As it is of low resistive material, the short circuit current will be diverted to the ground safely.
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